- R Aerts & F Penninck. (2003). The burden of gallstones disease in Europe. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 18 (Suppl):349-53.
- Everhart JE, et al. (1999). Prevalence and ethnic differences in gallbladder disease in the United States. Gastroenterol. 117:3: 632-9.
- JE Everhart & CE Ruhl. (2009). Burden of digestive diseases in the United States part I: overall and upper gastrointestinal diseases. Gastroenterology. 136:(2);376-86.
- Misciagna G, et al. (1996). Epidemiology of cholelithiasis in Southern Italy part II: risk factors. Eur J Gastroentero Hepatol. 8:585-93.
- Leitzmann MF, et al. (1999). A prospective study of coffee consumption and risk of symptomatic gallstone disease in men. JAMA. 281:2106-12.
- Leitzmann MF, et al. (2002). Coffee intake is associated with lower risk of symptomatic gallstone disease in women. Gastroenterol. 123:1823-30.
- Sahi T, et al. (1998). Body Mass Index, cigarette smoking, and other characteristics as predictors of self-reported, physician-diagnosed gallbladder disease in male college alumni. Am J Epidemiol. 147:644-50.
- La Vecchia C, et al. (1991). Risk factors for gallstone disese requiring surgery. Intern J Epidemiol. 20:209-15.
- Ruhl CE, et al. (2000). Association of coffee consumption with gallbladder disease. Am J Epidemiol. 152:1034-8.
- Douglas BR, et al. (1990). Coffee stimulation and cholecystokinin release and gallbladder contraction in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 52:553-6.
- Zhang YP. (2015). Systematic review with meta-analysis: coffee consumption and the risk of gallstone disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 42(6):637-48.
- Nordenvall C & Oskarsson V. (2015). Inverse association between coffee consumption and risk of cholescytectomy in women but not in men. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 13(6):1096-102.
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies (NDA). (2015). Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine. EFSA Journal. 13(5):4102.