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Pregnancy
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Effects of coffee consumption
Caffeine intake and fertility
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Caffeine intake and fetal health
Recommendations for caffeine intake during pregnancy
References
  1. Peck J.D. et al. (2010): A review of the epidemiologic evidence concerning the reproductive health effects of caffeine consumption: a 2000-2009 update.Food and Chem Toxicol, 48(10):2549-76.
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  3. Chen L. et al. (2014): Exploring maternal patterns of dietary caffeine consumption before conception and during pregnancy.Mat Child Health J, 18(10):2446-55.
  4. Lee N.M. (2011): Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Gastro Clin North Am, 40(2):309-vii.
  5. EFSA (2015): Scientific Opinion on the Safety of Caffeine,EFSA Journal, 13(5):4102.
  6. Jensen T.K. et al. (2010): Caffeine intake and semen quality in a population of 2554 young Danish men. Am J Epidemiol, 171:883-891.
  7. Ricci E. et al. (2017): Coffee and caffeine intake and male infertility: a systematic review. Nutr J, 16(1):37.
  8. Hatch E.E. et al. (2012): Caffeinated beverage and soda consumption and time to pregnancy.Epidemiol, 23(3):393-401.
  9. Anderson K. et al. (2010): Lifestyle factors in people seeking infertility treatment – A review.Australian and New Zealand J Obst and Gynae, 50:8-20.
  10. Soylu L.I. et al. (2018): Coffee, tea and caffeine consumption and risk of primary infertility in women: a Danish cohort study, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scan, published online ahead of print.
  11. Maslova E. et al. (2010): Caffeine consumption during pregnancy and risk of preterm birth: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr, 92:1120-32.
  12. Jarosz M. et al. (2012): Maternal caffeine intake and its effect on pregnancy outcomes.Eur J Obs and Gynae and Reproductive Biol, 160(2):156-160.
  13. Brent R.L. et al. (2011): Evaluation of the reproductive and developmental risks of caffeine.Birth Defects Research Part B: Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology, 92(2):152-187.
  14. Schmidt R.J. et al. (2009): Maternal caffeine consumption and risk of neural tube defects.Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology, 85:879-89.
  15. Benedum C.M. et al. (2013): Risk of spina bifida and maternal cigarette, alcohol, and coffee use during the first month of pregnancy.Int J Environ Res Public Health, 10(8):3263-3281.
  16. Schmidt R.J. et al. (2010): Caffeine, selected metabolic gene variants, and risk for neural tube defects.Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology, 88:560-9.
  17. Li Z.X. et al. (2015): Maternal Coffee Consumption During Pregnancy and Neural Tube Defects in Offspring: A Meta-Analysis. Fetal & Paed Pathol, 35(1):1-9.
  18. Browne M.L. et al. (2011): Maternal caffeine intake and risk of selected birth defects in the national birth defects prevention study.Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology, 91(2):93-101.
  19. Chen L. et al. (2012): Maternal caffeine consumption and risk of congenital limb deficiencies.Birth Defects Research Part A Clinical and Molecular Teratology, 94:1033-1043.
  20. Wen W. et al. (2001): The associations of maternal caffeine consumption and nausea with spontaneous abortion.Epidemiol, 12:38-42.
  21. Weng X. et al. (2008): Maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage: a prospective cohort study.Am J Obs and Gyne, 198:279.e1-8.
  22. Zhang B. et al. (2010): Risk factors for unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion in a population from southern China.Int J Gyne & Obs, 108:135-8.
  23. Pollack A.Z. et al. (2010): Caffeine consumption and miscarriage: a prospective cohort study.Fertility and Sterility, 93:304-6.
  24. Greenwood D.C. et al. (2010): Caffeine intake during pregnancy, late miscarriage and stillbirth.Eur J Epidemiol, 25:275-80.
  25. Chen L.W. et al. (2015): Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and risk of pregnancy loss: a categorical and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Pub Health Nutr, 19(7):1233-44.
  26. Hahn K.A. et al. (2015): Caffeine and Caffeinated Beverage Consumption and Risk of Spontaneous Abortion, Hum Reprod, 30(5):1246-5.
  27. Lyngso J. et al. (2017): Association between coffee or caffeine consumption and fecundity and fertility: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Clin Epidemiol, 9:699-719.
  28. Gaskins A.J. (2018): Pre-pregnancy caffeine and caffeinated beverage intake and risk of spontaneous abortion. Eur J Nutr, 57(1):107-117.
  29. Sengpiel V. et al. (2013): Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy is associated with birth weight but not with gestational length: results from a large prospective observational cohort study.BioMed Central, 19;11:42.
  30. Boylan S.M. et al. (2013): Does nausea and vomiting of pregnancy play a role in the association found between maternal caffeine intake and fetal growth restriction?Mat Child Health J, 17(4):601-8.
  31. Jahanfar S. & Jaafar S.H. (2015): Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcomes, Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews, Issue 6. Art. No.: CD006965.
  32. CARE Study Group (2008): Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and risk of fetal growth restriction: a large prospective observational study.BMJ, 337:a2332 doi:10.1136/bmj.a2332.
  33. Hinkle S.N. et al. (2015): First trimester coffee and tea intake and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a study within a national birth cohort.Br J Obs and Gynae, 122(3):420-8.
  34. Committee on Obstetric Practice (2010): Moderate caffeine consumption during pregnancy.Obs & Gyne, 116:467-8.
  35. Bakker R. et al. (2010): Maternal caffeine intake from coffee and tea, fetal growth, and the risks of adverse birth outcomes: the Generation R Study.Am J Clin Nutr, 91:1691-8.
  36. Rhee J. et al. (2015): Maternal Caffeine Consumption during Pregnancy and Risk of Low Birth Weight: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies, PLoS One, 10(7):e0132334.
  37. Loomis D. et al. (2016): Carcinogenicity of drinking coffee, mate, and very hot beverages. The Lancet Oncology, 17(7):877-878.
  38. Thomopoulos T.P. et al. (2015): Maternal and childhood consumption of coffee, tea and cola beverages in association with childhood leukemia: a meta-analysis.Canc Epidemiol, 39(6):1047-1059.
  39. Orsi L. et al. (2015): Parental smoking, maternal alcohol, coffee and tea consumption during pregnancy, and childhood acute leukemia: the ESTELLE study.Canc Causes Contr, 26(7):1003-17.
  40. Milne E. et al. (2018): Maternal consumption of coffee and tea during pregnancy and risk of childhood ALL: a pooled analysis from the childhood Leukemia. Int Consortium, Cancer Causes Contr, 29(6):539-550.
  41. Jahanfar S. et al. (2013): Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcome.Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 15(2), 10.1002/14651858.CD006965.pub2.
  42. NHS Choices ‘Foods to avoid in pregnancy’. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/foods-to-avoid-pregnant.aspx/close#
  43. March of Dimes ‘Caffeine in Pregnancy’. Available at: https://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/caffeine-in-pregnancy.aspx
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Recommendations for caffeine intake during pregnancy
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More information
Overview
Background information
Effects of coffee consumption
Caffeine intake and fertility
Caffeine intake and gestation
Caffeine intake and fetal health
Recommendations for caffeine intake during pregnancy
References

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Pregnancy: Factsheet

A healthy diet providing a range of nutrients is important at all times of life, but especially during pregnancy. Maternal nutritional status at the time of conception is an important determinant of fetal growth and development, therefore a healthy balanced diet prior to and during pregnancy is important.

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March 3, 2016
Pregnancy

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A healthy diet providing a range of nutrients is important at all times of life, but especially during pregnancy. Maternal nutritional status at the time of conception is an important determinant of fetal growth and development, therefore a healthy balanced diet prior to and during pregnancy is important.

Factsheets
March 3, 2016
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