ABSTRACT

Background and aims:
Regarding the effects of coffee intake on the prognosis of the general population and people with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CVD), previous studies have shown inconsistent conclusions in different populations. There is no study on the association between coffee intake and the prognosis of American adults and specific disease groups.

Methods and results:
The influence of coffee intake on 5-year all-cause mortality was investigated by multivariate COX regression and Kaplan‒Meier curves. Subgroup analysis were used to verify whether the results were consistent across patients with different diseases. A competitive risk model was used to explore the correlation between coffee intake and CVD related death. After fully adjusting for confounders, the results suggested that coffee consumption was correlated with a 25 % lower risk of death compared with never drinking coffee (HR = 0.75, 95 % CI: 0.59-0.96, P = 0.022). Coffee intake was found to be protective against 5-year mortality (HR less than 1.0) regardless of whether participants had common chronic diseases. Drinking 1-3 cups of coffee per day was associated with a 35 % lower risk of CVD related death (HR = 0.65, 95 % CI: 0.43-0.98; P = 0.042).

Conclusion:
The coffee consumption of 1-3 cups per day was correlated with a significantly reduced 5-year all-cause mortality and CVD related death in U.S. adults, especially those with combined hypertension, heart disease, and stroke. This study analyzed the beneficial effects of coffee on the general population and patients with CVD, and provided dietary recommendations.

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