ABSTRACT

Background and Aims:
Regarding the effects of coffee intake on the prognosis of the general population and people with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, previous studies have shown different populations and inconsistent conclusions. There is no study on the association between coffee intake and the prognosis of American adults and specific disease groups.

Methods and Results:
The influence of coffee intake on 5-year all-cause mortality was investigated by multivariate COX regression and Kaplan‒Meier curves. Subgroup analysis were used to verify whether the results were consistent across patient populations with different diseases. A competitive risk model was used to explore the correlation between coffee intake and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) related death. After fully adjusting for confounders, the results suggested that coffee consumption was correlated with a 25% lower risk of death compared with never drinking coffee (HR=0.75, 95% CI: 0.59-0.96, P=0.022). Coffee intake was found to be protective against 5-year mortality (HR less than 1.0) regardless of whether participants had common chronic diseases. Drinking 1-3 cups of coffee per day was associated with a 35% lower risk of cardiovascular death (HR=0.65, 95% CI: 0.43-0.98; P=0.042).

Conclusion:
The consumption of 1 to 3 cups of coffee a day was correlated with a significantly reduced 5-year risk of all-cause death and CVD related death in U.S. adults, especially those with combined hypertension, heart disease, and stroke. This study analyzed the beneficial effects of coffee on the general population and patients with CVD, and provided dietary recommendations.

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